Lose 2. 5 Pounds 3 Easy Steps Without Exercise #. Breast cancer will affect 1 in 8 women during their lifetime — and it is the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. But 8 in 8 women are being. Learn the science of charisma. Increase your impact, influence and income using 7 science based steps. - Free Course. 5 Steps to Successfully Implementing Your 10x10 Marketing Plan Work On not In Your Business - By: Mark Raciappa. ![]() ![]() Nutrition - Wikipedia. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.[1]The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the availability, the processing and palatability of foods. A healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching, and that reduce risk of foodborne illness. A poor diet can cause deficiency diseases such as blindness, anemia, scurvy, preterm birth, stillbirth and cretinism; [2] health- threatening conditions like obesity[3][4] and metabolic syndrome; [5] and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease,[6]diabetes,[7][8] and osteoporosis.[9][1. A poor diet can cause the wasting of kwashiorkor in acute cases, and the stunting of marasmus in chronic cases of malnutrition.[2]History. Antiquity. Hippocrates lived about 4. BC, and Galen and the understanding of nutrition followed him for centuries. The first recorded dietary advice, carved into a Babylonian stone tablet in about 2. BC, cautioned those with pain inside to avoid eating onions for three days. Scurvy, later found to be a vitamin C deficiency, was first described in 1. BC in the Ebers Papyrus.[1. According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of qi developed, a spirit or "wind" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma.[1. Food was classified into "hot" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and "cold" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia.[1. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi.[1. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets.[1. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result in disease marked by obesity or emaciation.[1. The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for ten days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.[1. Around 4. 75 BC, Anaxagoras stated that food is absorbed by the human body and, therefore, contains "homeomerics" (generative components), suggesting the existence of nutrients.[1. Around 4. 00 BC, Hippocrates, who recognized and was concerned with obesity, which may have been common in southern Europe at the time,[1. Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food."[1. The works that are still attributed to him, Corpus Hippocraticum, called for moderation and emphasized exercise.[1. Followed for a millennium and a half, Galen (1st century) created the first coherent (although mistaken) theory of nutrition.[2. Salt, pepper and other spices were prescribed for various ailments in various preparations for example mixed with vinegar. In the 2nd century BC, Cato the Elder believed that cabbage (or the urine of cabbage- eaters) could cure digestive diseases, ulcers, warts, and intoxication. Living about the turn of the millennium, Aulus Celsus, an ancient Roman doctor, believed in "strong" and "weak" foods (bread for example was strong, as were older animals and vegetables).[2. Galen to Lind. One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 1. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him.[2. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 1. Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 1. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1. In the 1. 50. 0s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly.[2. Also in the 1. 6th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen.[1. Ultimately, 1. 6th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas.[2. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.[2. Sometimes forgotten during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1. 50. 0 and 1. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as "limeys."[2. The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1. Lavoisier and modern science. Around 1. 77. 0, Antoine Lavoisier discovered the details of metabolism, demonstrating that the oxidation of food is the source of body heat. Called the most fundamental chemical discovery of the 1. Lavoisier discovered the principle of conservation of mass. His ideas made the phlogiston theory of combustion obsolete.[3. In 1. 79. 0, George Fordyce recognized calcium as necessary for the survival of fowl. In the early 1. 9th century, the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen were recognized as the primary components of food, and methods to measure their proportions were developed.[3. In 1. 81. 6, François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component.[3. William Prout in 1. During the 1. 9th century, Jean- Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds).[3. With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology,[3. Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value.[3. In the 1. 86. 0s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.[3. In the early 1. 88. Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not.
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